Calculates an estimate of the F nearest-neighbour distribution function (M.A. Mugglestone, S.A. Harding, B.Y.Y. Lee, P.J. Diggle & B.S. Rowlingson).
Option
PRINT = string token |
What to print (summary); default summ |
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Parameters
Y1 = variates |
Vertical coordinates of the first spatial point patterns; no default – this parameter must be set |
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X1 = variates |
Horizontal coordinates of the first spatial point patterns; no default – this parameter must be set |
Y2 = variates |
Vertical coordinates of the second spatial point patterns; no default – this parameter must be set |
X2 = variates |
Horizontal coordinates of the second spatial point patterns; no default – this parameter must be set |
S = variates |
Vectors of distances to use; no default – this parameter must be set |
FVALUES = variates |
Variates to receive the estimated F nearest-neighbour distribution functions |
NNDISTANCES = variates |
Variates to receive the nearest-neighbour distances |
Description
The F nearest-neighbour distribution function relates to the distribution of distances from each of a set of sample points covering the region of interest to the nearest event of an observed spatial point pattern (see Diggle 1983). Other names for this function are the point-nearest event distribution function and the empty-space distribution function. An estimate of F can be obtained by generating a grid of points (for example, using the PTGRID procedure) and then calculating the empirical distribution function (EDF) FHAT(s) which is defined as the proportion of grid points for which the nearest event in the observed pattern is within distance s. The larger the number of grid points used, the better the approximation to the true distribution, F. For preliminary analysis, Diggle (1983) recommends using the same number of grid points as there are events in the observed pattern.
The term complete spatial randomness (CSR) is used to represent the hypothesis that the overall density of events in a spatial point pattern is constant throughout the study region, and that the events are distributed independently and uniformly. Under CSR, the F nearest-neighbour distribution function is given by
F(s) = 1 – exp(-π × density × (s2)),
where density is the overall density of events per unit area. (The procedure FZERO can be used to calculate values of this function for a pattern with a given density.) The F nearest-neighbour distribution function for a clustered (regular) pattern will tend to be smaller (larger) than the corresponding function for a completely random pattern, at least for small distances.
FHAT requires the coordinates of an observed spatial point pattern (specified by the parameters X1 and Y1), the coordinates of a set of sample points (specified by the parameters X2 and Y2), and a vector of distances at which to calculate the EDF of F (specified by the parameter S). The primary output of the procedure is a vector of estimates of F corresponding to the distances in S. The estimated F function can be saved using the parameter FVALUES. The nearest-neighbour distances can be saved using the parameter NNDISTANCES.
Printed output is controlled using the PRINT option. The default setting of summary prints the distances at which the F function is estimated and the estimates themselves under the headings S and FVALUES.
Option: PRINT.
Parameters: Y1, X1, Y2, X2, S, FVALUES, NNDISTANCES.
Method
A procedure PTCHECKXY is called to check that X1 and Y1 have identical restrictions. A similar check is made on X2 and Y2. The procedure then calls a procedure PTPASS to call a Fortran program to calculate the F nearest-neighbour distances. No corrections are made for edge effects. The EDF of the nearest-neighbour distances relative to the distances specified by the parameter S is obtained using the CALCULATE directive.
Action with RESTRICT
The variates X1, Y1, X2, Y2, and S may be restricted, as long as X1 has the same restriction as Y1, and X2 has the same restriction as Y2. Only the subset of values specified by each restriction will be included in the calculations.
Reference
Diggle, P.J. (1983). Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns. Academic Press, London.
See also
Procedures: FZERO, GHAT, KHAT, KSTHAT, K12HAT.
Commands for: Spatial statistics.
Example
CAPTION 'FHAT example'; STYLE=meta
VARIATE pinex,piney
READ [SETNVALUES=yes] pinex,piney
0.09 0.91 0.02 0.71 0.03 0.62 0.18 0.61 0.03 0.52
0.02 0.41 0.16 0.35 0.13 0.33 0.13 0.27 0.03 0.21
0.13 0.14 0.08 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.18 0.98 0.31 0.89
0.22 0.58 0.13 0.52 0.21 0.38 0.23 0.27 0.23 0.11
0.41 0.98 0.44 0.97 0.42 0.93 0.42 0.48 0.43 0.36
0.59 0.92 0.63 0.92 0.63 0.88 0.66 0.88 0.58 0.83
0.53 0.69 0.52 0.68 0.49 0.58 0.52 0.48 0.52 0.09
0.58 0.06 0.68 0.66 0.68 0.63 0.67 0.53 0.67 0.48
0.67 0.41 0.68 0.34 0.66 0.24 0.73 0.27 0.74 0.11
0.78 0.06 0.79 0.02 0.86 0.03 0.84 0.88 0.94 0.89
0.95 0.83 0.79 0.79 0.84 0.71 0.83 0.68 0.86 0.65
0.79 0.61 0.93 0.48 0.83 0.42 0.93 0.31 0.93 0.23
0.97 0.64 0.96 0.64 0.96 0.61 0.96 0.57 0.97 0.38 :
VARIATE xpoly; VALUES=!(0,1,1,0)
& ypoly; VALUES=!(0,0,1,1)
CALCULATE ngrid = 10*NVALUES(pinex)
PTGRID [PRINT=*] YPOLYGON=ypoly; XPOLYGON=xpoly; NPOINTS=ngrid;\
YGRID=ygrid; XGRID=xgrid
VARIATE s; VALUES=!(0.01,0.02...0.1)
FHAT [PRINT=*] Y1=piney; X1=pinex; Y2=ygrid; X2=xgrid; S=s;\
FVALUES=fpines
PTINTENSITY [PRINT=*] Y=piney; X=pinex; YPOLYGON=ypoly; XPOLYGON=xpoly;\
DENSITY=density
FZERO [PRINT=*] DENSITY=density; S=s; FVALUES=fcsr
PRINT s,fpines,fcsr